Digital Logic. The transistor, logic gates, flip-flops, transition diagrams, binary counters. Data and Program Representation. The relationship between digital logic and abstraction, bits and bytes, binary arithmetic, hexadecimal notation, character sets, integers, floating Point.

Processors. Definition and conceptual structure of processors, the Von Neumann architecture, arithmetic logic unit, stored programs, the fetch-execute cycle. Instruction Sets. Opcodes, operands, and results, programming with registers, execution pipeline, program counter, subroutine calls, operand addressing and instruction representation.

Assembly and C. Assembly syntax and opcodes, registers, operands, the relationship between assembler and C. C Language preliminaries. The C character set, identifiers and keywords, data types, declarations, expressions, statements and symbolic constants.

Preparing and running a complete C program. Compilation, development environment, debugging. Operators and expressions. Arithmetic, unary, logical, bit-wise, assignment and conditional operators. Control statements. While, do-while, for statements, nested loops, if else, switch, break, continue, and goto statements. Functions. Defining and accessing, passing arguments, function prototypes, library functions, static functions. Arrays Pointers and Structures: definition and processing, passing to functions.